The EU dual-use dilemma: balancing openness, security and competitiveness
This paper situates dual-use technologies at the core of the EU’s security–competitiveness agenda, among intensifying great power competition. It traces the shift from a defence-led to a civilian-led innovation model and argues that rapid civil–military convergence makes the binary ‘dual-use’ terminology no longer sufficient, pointing toward an ‘omni-use’ reality.