China

  • The EU’s engagement in the Indo-Pacific: from bilateral to multilateral?

    The Indo-Pacific has become central to the European Union’s economic security and geopolitical future, as its trade routes and defence-industrial supply chains are increasingly shaped by Sino–US rivalry. Therefore, the EU has adopted an Indo-Pacific strategy and has expanded its presence. However, a gap persists between ambition and capacity. EU-level initiatives remain largely limited to…

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  • Addressing India’s structural dependence on China

    As one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, India aspires to become a global manufacturing hub, thus reducing its reliance on external actors, particularly China. In 2020, Indian Prime Minister Modi launched India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat program (Self Reliant India), to reduce foreign dependence and promote domestic production in strategic sectors. Theoretically, this should result in a…

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